Acid Mine Drainage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corrosive Mine Drainage - Essay Example In such it talks about all the potential roads with which AMD can develop and gives top to bottom examination as to the concoction structure, response and possible creation of the AMD. This paper likewise endeavors to give in outline various wellsprings of the AMD and the proper cures that can be tried to extinguish the deadly issues related with AMD. In a similar broadness, it examines the wellbeing related issues related with AMD just as those of environmental. This paper can be of important assistance to the individuals who work in the mines and hazard getting the issues connected with the site. At the point when the careful steps that are examined in this paper are rigidly trailed by the concerned people with the suitable innovation and labor, there is no uncertainty the issue of the AMD will be a relic of times gone by. 2.0 Introduction Corrosive mines seepage (AMD) is one of the major ecological dangers that comes because of extraction of minerals for monetary purposes. In the event that these mines are not appropriately overseen, at that point the activity of extraction results into a genuine ecological hazard. Basically corrosive mines seepage is an impossible to miss sort of a wastewater that that outcomes from the ceaseless procedures of enduring just as draining of coal and metalliferrous aggravates that contain sulfur as a component in them. The different exercises of digging for instance, strip and underground mining uncovered the sulfide (pyrite) and other metallic intensifies that consolidate sulfur to a degree of oxidation given the accessibility of oxygen and water. The oxidation procedure will expand the causticity level for example low P.H esteem, as the estimation of the P.H diminishes, the oxidation procedure of the metals similarly expands increments and this altogether lessens the water quality and finish into water contamination (Drever 133). The arrangement of the corrosive mines waste procedure can likewise be encouraged by through natural procedures. The microorganism thiobaccillus ferroxidants is a corrosive open minded organism and is known to be related with corrosive mines waste locales as it improves the oxidation of the aggravates that contain sulfur mixes (Drever 147). . The resultant water in the corrosive mines wastes are exceptionally perilous to wellbeing, in that the corrosiveness and the parts of water from the mines contain deadly synthetic compounds. As expressed above, without the buffering procedures of the procedure, the acridity level will exponentially increment quickening enduring procedure and resulting improvement and continuation of the corrosive mines seepages (Drever 151). 3.0 Origin of Acid Mine Drainage Several variables can achieve advancement of the corrosive mines wastes, coming into contact between the surface water (oxygenated) with the py ritic minerals is one of the manners in which that to a great extent add to the arrangement of the corrosive mines seepage. This association happens in three distinct manners; when the mining forms alter the course of stream of the water example to zones enriched with rocks that have been in consistent touch with the ground water that is anoxically stale (Berner and Berner 98). The other chance is the point at which the crown jewels structure the pyritic mining is arranged in a zone of permeating oxygenated water, and when the pyritic minerals squander materials are straightforwardly released into the sea-going condition. 4.0 Results The development of the corrosive mines seepages results into a few ecological degradative procedures that are vey negative to the endurance natural life, in such, measures are constantly instituted as prudent commitment to guarantee

Admission to the USC Undergraduate Program

This game showed me the significance of focusing on what we do. It additionally showed me judiciousness and helped me to accomplish a quiet psyche. I chose to cooperate more with the world that I live in. Subsequently, I began to contemplate the different changes occurring on the planet. In this examination, I came to understand that the worldwide enterprises had achieved the procedure of globalization. This procedure was influencing the entire world and even the US and the European Union had gone under its impact. A portion of the Asian nations like India and China have been demonstrating unprecedented development in their economies. These economies were creating at a more prominent pace than that of some other nation. I needed to partake in these amazing turns of events. So as to do as such, I made a few enquiries and experienced the schedule offered by various universities. My goal was to get an exhaustive information with respect to globalization and the monetary accomplishment of a portion of the Asian nations. Over the span of my pursuit, I got some answers concerning the University of Southern California, which had been established in 1880. This college is a private college, which is the best for look into. It has a few grounds that are celebrated their scholastic greatness (About USC). In any case, notwithstanding scholarly greatness, it likewise advances network administration programs. This work has been commended broadly and its graduated class are acclaimed, for their scholastic greatness as well as for their commitment to society. Its monetary freedom guarantees that it stays unaffected by legislative approaches and political obstruction (About USC). These realities made me particularly keen on seeking after a MBA program in this college. Newton Part My folks left Armenia in the 1970’s, while it was under Soviet Rule. Their new home in the US was truly neighborly to them. In any case, they couldn't go to school, in view of their money related duties. The greater part of their waking hours were gone through in winning adequate cash to meet their costs. They were consistently mindful of this downside in their life. Subsequently, they used to let me know more than once, to pay attention to my examinations. My exhibition at school was marginally better than expected. In this manner, I got a normal secondary school confirmation. My folks were disillusioned with my fair execution in school. They disclosed to me that I needed to improve my exhibition. At some point, while alone with my musings, I began contemplating what had befallen my presentation in school. I am excellent at legitimate examination. Along these lines, I thought for quite a while and understood that on the off chance that I didn't concentrate with more prominent persistence, I would wind up like my folks. The decision before me was to either take a stab at my examinations or find a generally excellent line of work or to acquire a normal degree and buckle down for a mind-blowing remainder, for poor wages. This was a very idea, so I chose to turn into an excellent understudy in school. On another event, during this period, I went over a creepy crawly endeavoring to turn a web. It would attempt to join a strand, which would sever. By the by, the creepy crawly didn't stop its endeavors; it persistently and with a similar measure of exertion, made another endeavor. At last, it prevailing in its difficult work. Like Robert Bruce of England, I too understood the estimation of persistence. I comprehended that regardless of whether some subject in my investigations was hard to comprehend, I should continue attempting to get it. There was another factor that affected my disposition towards life. I have a cousin named, Haroutoun Aharonian. He was excellent at concentrates in secondary school and school. After that he sought after an alumni program in the University of Southern California. He turned out to be truly adept at breaking down securities exchanges, because of the MBA program that he went to in the University of Southern California’s  Marshall School of Business. One of the biggest stock broking firms in Los Angeles has delegated him to a significant post, in their organization. The sole purpose behind this achievement was the awesome showing standard of that school. This episode instructed me that I needed to try sincerely and build up an enthusiasm for my picked field of study. On examining his example of overcoming adversity, I chose to emulate his example, and apply for the MBA program in the Marshall School of Business. I need to turn into a specialist in Finance and Business Economics and this school grants the essential preparing and information to accomplish this objective. I might likewise want to keep the decision of joining the Bachelor’s of Arts in Economics. The USC Marshall School of Business offers the most recent world class guidance in bookkeeping, money, enterprise and global business learns (About The Marshall School of Business, 2007). The world has decreased because of globalization; additionally, some Asian nations are demonstrating profoundly quick monetary turn of events. Customary administration strategies can't address these marvels. It is a course like that gave by the Marshall School of Business, which can appropriately portray these issues. This is the chief purpose behind my looking for an exchange to the Marshall School of Business. References About The Marshall School of Business. (2007). Recovered January 25, 2008, from University of Southern California Marshall School of Business : http://www.marshall.usc.edu/about/ About USC. (n.d.). Recovered January 25, 2008, from University of Southern California: Admission to the USC Undergraduate Program This game showed me the significance of focusing on what we do. It additionally showed me reasonability and helped me to accomplish a quiet psyche. I chose to interface more with the world that I live in. Consequently, I began to consider the different changes occurring on the planet. In this investigation, I came to understand that the worldwide enterprises had achieved the procedure of globalization. This procedure was influencing the entire world and even the US and the European Union had gone under its impact. A portion of the Asian nations like India and China have been demonstrating phenomenal development in their economies. These economies were creating at a more prominent pace than that of some other nation. I needed to take an interest in these shocking turns of events. So as to do as such, I made a few enquiries and experienced the prospectus offered by various universities. My goal was to acquire an intensive information with respect to globalization and the monetary achievement of a portion of the Asian nations. Over the span of my pursuit, I got some answers concerning the University of Southern California, which had been established in 1880. This college is a private college, which is the best for investigate. It has a few grounds that are renowned their scholastic greatness (About USC). In any case, notwithstanding scholarly greatness, it likewise advances network administration programs. This work has been commended generally and its graduated class are acclaimed, for their scholarly greatness as well as for their commitment to society. Its money related freedom guarantees that it stays unaffected by legislative arrangements and political impedance (About USC). These realities made me especially keen on seeking after a MBA program in this college. Newton Part My folks left Armenia in the 1970’s, while it was under Soviet Rule. Their new home in the US was entirely neighborly to them. Be that as it may, they couldn't go to school, in view of their budgetary responsibilities. A large portion of their waking hours were gone through in procuring adequate cash to meet their costs. They were consistently mindful of this downside in their life. Thus, they used to let me know over and again, to pay attention to my examinations. My presentation at school was marginally better than expected. In this way, I acquired a normal secondary school recognition. My folks were frustrated with my average execution in school. They revealed to me that I needed to improve my exhibition. At some point, while alone with my musings, I began considering what had befallen my presentation in school. I am awesome at legitimate examination. Thusly, I thought for quite a while and understood that on the off chance that I didn't concentrate with more noteworthy determination, I would wind up like my folks. The decision before me was to either take a stab at my investigations or find an awesome line of work or to get a standard degree and buckle down for an amazing remainder, for poor wages. This was a very idea, so I chose to turn into a generally excellent understudy in school. On another event, during this period, I ran over an insect endeavoring to turn a web. It would attempt to join a strand, which would sever. All things considered, the insect didn't stop its endeavors; it quietly and with a similar measure of exertion, made another endeavor. At long last, it prevailing in its difficult work. Like Robert Bruce of England, I too understood the estimation of determination. I comprehended that regardless of whether some subject in my examinations was hard to comprehend, I should continue attempting to get it. There was another factor that impacted my mentality towards life. I have a cousin named, Haroutoun Aharonian. He was awesome at concentrates in secondary school and school. After that he sought after an alumni program in the University of Southern California. He turned out to be truly adept at breaking down securities exchanges, because of the MBA program that he went to in the University of Southern California’s  Marshall School of Business. One of the biggest stock broking firms in Los Angeles has designated him to a significant post, in their organization. The sole purpose behind this achievement was the awesome showing standard of that school. This occurrence instructed me that I needed to try sincerely and build up an enthusiasm for my picked field of study. On considering his example of overcoming adversity, I chose to emulate his example, and apply for the MBA program in the Marshall School of Business. I need to turn into a specialist in Finance and Business Economics and this school bestows the important preparing and information to accomplish this objective. I might likewise want to keep the decision of joining the Bachelor’s of Arts in Economics. The USC Marshal

Blog Archive Admissions Myths Destroyed I Am Too Old!

Blog Archive Admissions Myths Destroyed I Am Too Old! mbaMission  hosts a weekly blog series, “Admissions Myths Destroyed,”  for our friends at  Beat the GMAT. Check out the BTG site for fresh material and ours for “reprints.” The following piece was penned by mbaMission Founder, Jeremy Shinewald: These days, it is common for us to receive panicked phone calls from applicants who are twenty-six years of age, asking if they are too old to get into business school. Why is that? Well, for much of the last decade, several top schools have declared their openness to younger candidates and have even been courting them. Harvard Business School has welcomed “direct-admits” those entering immediately after completing their undergraduate degrees and started the 2+2 program to encourage undergraduates to consider deferred acceptance. (Today, 439 members of HBS’s Class of 2011, or about 46% of the class, matriculated at HBS with four years of work experience or less.) Chicago Booth followed suit, launching the Chicago-Booth Scholars Program, granting deferred admission to University of Chicago seniors, and the Early Career Candidate program to attract students with one to three years of experience. While the Stanford GSB does not publish an average age, it does state that its median work experience is four years. So, if you are an “older” candidate at 27, 28, 29, or dare we even write 30, should you even bother applying? First of all, it is worth noting that not all schools are on the bandwagon. Tuck, for example, states that “in general” it does not accept students with less than two years of work experience. Darden’s range is 1-10 years, meaning that it currently has no direct-admits. Michigan Ross requires that students complete their degree before applying, meaning that seniors are ineligible. However, if you are focused on a school that is open to younger candidates, you should still think logically about this situation: you can’t get any younger, so, you can either self-select out of the application process or you can let the admissions committees read your applications and make their own decisions. Further, applicants should not mistake an openness to younger candidates as some sort of aversion to older candidates. (After all, 54% of HBS’s class has more than four years of work experience.) If you have something special to offer, you are still in the running â€" there is no secret cutoff that immediately eliminates you from the pool. As we have written before, the schools are governed by self-interest. They want the best candidates out there and if you are among the best, your age will not be an obstacle. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blogroll

Our Relationship With Nature Explored in Jon Krakauers...

In Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer explores the human fascination with the purpose of life and nature. Krakauer documents the life and death of Chris McCandless, a young man that embarked on an Odyssey in the Alaskan wilderness. Like many people, McCandless believed that he could give his life meaning by pursuing a relationship with nature. He also believed that rejecting human relationships, abandoning his materialistic ways, and purchasing a book about wildlife would strengthen his relationship with nature. However, after spending several months enduring the extreme conditions of the Alaskan wilderness, McCandless’ beliefs begin to work against him. He then accepts that he needs humans, cannot escape materialism, and can†¦show more content†¦Throughout his journey, McCandless met several people who genuinely wanted to help and befriend him. However, he was so committed to his Alaskan Odyssey that he felt like human relationships were just a distraction, not a necessity. One of these people, Ronald Franz, enjoyed McCandless’ company so much that he wanted to adopt him. McCandless reacted to this proposition by pursuing a job offer and discreetly slipping out of Franz’s life. Once the job offer proved to be a fluke, McCandless desperately called Franz and asked for a ride. By asking for help in the form of a car, McCandless demonstrates that his journey was beginning to challenge his beliefs. Although McCandless was initially against materialism, he was beginning to realize that it was also beneficial to his journey. By abandoning his old beliefs, McCandless demonstrates that exploring nature is an experience that can significantly change one’s beliefs. Although it was clear that McCandless needed human relationships, he continued to pursue a life of isolation in the Alaskan wilderness. As he walked around the Sushana River, McCandless spotted an abandoned bus and decided to use it for shelter. Krakauer visited the bus a year la ter and discovered that McCandless grew quite attached to the old bus. McCandless filled the bus with pots and pans, a makeshift table, a keroseneShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Christopher Mccandless s Into The Wild 2362 Words   |  10 Pagesuncharted territories. A similar experience actually occurred in real life , and hence a fantastic novel was born by the story of a young man with a seemingly bright future, who soon endured the journey of a lifetime. The well known novel â€Å"Into the Wild† by Jon Krakauer is based on the true story of Christopher McCandless, a young man from a wealthy family in the Eastern United States, who, after graduating from Emory University, donated all his available money to charity and embarked on a trip throughRead MoreThe Idea Of The Absurd3255 Words   |  14 Pagescohorts tend to create extravagant or incompatible files / nuts / bolts (call it what you want) which leads to ultimately ineffective projects on the whole. Here at Cessna, we want to channel those passions - cut out the absurdism per se - to realize our next engineering challenge. M a r t i n e z | 3 The absurdism of the bureaucrats that he faces is almost unreal considering the economic impact that Cessna has on the local and national community, having one of the best-selling aircraft of all timeRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesConnor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the best in me. And, to our girls Mary, Rachel, and Tor-Tor for the joy and pride they give me. Finally, to my muse, Neil, for the faith and inspiration he instills. E.W.L Preface Since you are reading this text, you have made a decision that learning more about project management

Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Modern Dystopia Warnings

In the future, the job of firemen morphs from putting fires out to burning books. The story Fahrenheit 451 revolves around this issue of book burning, but there is a deeper meaning to the book. Bradbury is warning that the monopolizing effect of social media will transform generations to come into a society with no genuine connections, no distinctive thoughts, and excessive reliance on technology. This book was written in 1951, and today, the propositions are no longer fiction, but are becoming a reality. Connections between individuals are fading away. At one point, Montag asks Clarisse, â€Å"Why is it, I feel like I’ve known you so many years?† (Bradbury 32). It’s because the two of them had a tie to each other they had built over time,†¦show more content†¦There is no individuality from one person to another. They follow the norms society has deemed trendy or normal. When the fashion world, or the media, decides something to be in, people will do wha tever possible to adhere to the standards and not be classified as different. There are no personal opinions, just dominant ideas put forth by the media. People choose to give up their right to freedom of expression in order to be stylish. There are no distinctions, and it leads to dull repetitiveness. The population is obsessed with the technology that overwhelms every part of life. When Faber is talking to Montag, he explains the situation of society. He explains, â€Å"If you’re not driving hundred miles an hour, at a clip where you can’t think of anything else but the danger, then you’re playing some game or sitting in some room where you can’t argue with the four-wall televisor.† (Bradbury 86). Montag recognized this with Mildred, because every time he walked into their house, â€Å"the walls were always talking to Mildred (Bradbury 42). Before, Mildred had stated to Montag, â€Å"My ‘family’ is people.† (Bradbury 75). Soc iety is submerged so deep in technology, that it is the only way of life now. The reality shows on television are people’s â€Å"family†, because that is all they know. The only world that exists to them is the world with the four walls. There is no compensation to the technological need,Show MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511120 Words   |  5 PagesBy definition, a dystopia is â€Å"an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one† (Oxford Dictionary). However, it may not be so far from nonfiction as had been thought. The modern United States is starting to express traits that classify a dystopia, such as dehumanization, individuality suppression, and the ever-growing gap between upper and lower class. The United States is heading down the path of becoming a dystopianRead MoreThe Social Commentary And Style Within Fahrenheit 4511825 Words   |  8 Pagesdissipates. There are many genres of writing that authors utilize, but the dystopian genre stands out the most. Dystopias take what is wrong with a modern society and emphasize it in the work. The authors of dystopian stories places the problem in a possible alternate universe. It makes the current course of action worse than it actually is, to foreshadow issues towards a misguided society while warning citizens to rebel against things similar to a overcontrolled society. These literary works have detailedRead MoreFahrenheit 4511858 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Jhoan Aguilar Mrs. Armistead English III H (4) October 24, 2013 The Exhort of Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury created the novel Fahrenheit 451 as a way to admonish future generations against social and economic trends that would emerge during the twentieth century. I. Introduction II. Reasons behind novel A. World events B. Personal events III. Economic trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A. The economics of consumerism B. Economic effects on society IV. Social trendsRead MoreCritics of Novel 1984 by George Orwell14914 Words   |  60 PagesMajor Symbols: Newspeak; prole woman; birds; telescreens; glass paperweight The three most important aspects of 1984: The setting of 1984 is a dystopia: an imagined world that is far worse than our own, as opposed to a utopia, which is an ideal place or state. Other dystopian novels include Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, and Orwells own Animal Farm. When George Orwell wrote 1984, the year that gives the book its title was still almost 40 years in the future. Some

How Technology Affects Our Society - 1709 Words

In today’s society, the development of the internet has taken over how we interact with others and live our day to day lives. There are many different perspectives on how exactly this new infrastructure effects our society as a whole. Miller asserts the question â€Å"in a world where our interactions are increasingly mediated through online technologies, are we becoming less practiced in the art of face to face conversation?† Other authors and artists of the generation agree with Millers beliefs; however, they discuss them from varying points of view that help us fully formulate an idea of how interconnectedness through technology negatively affects our society. Technology has always been developed with the intent to make life easier and more efficient, however the invention and maturation of social media appears to have only complicated things for those who utilize it in day to day life. The concept of a â€Å"friend† has been challenged and altered in many way s thanks to social media. Curtis Silver discusses these alterations in his article The Quagmire of Social Media Friendships. His belief is that before social media came into existence, a friend was someone who you could count on to come help you out at the most random of times, someone you could talk to and interact with in person, and most importantly someone you have an emotional connection to or get along with very well. The issue is that humans are not mentally able to maintain a large amount of relationships that meetShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Affects Our Society1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthe assessment, including the purpose and appropriate use of the assessment, student population for whom the assessment is intended, how the assessment was developed, how it was administered, how the results were scored/evaluated, and how the results are intended to be used. [ This formative assessment is a group presentation on technology’s impact on our society, which will be completed after watching the documentary, Digital Nation. Students have a template, example presentations to referenceRead MoreTechnology : The Impact Of Technology And Its Impact On The Future905 Words   |  4 Pagesan era of advanced technology, where every part of our daily lives is impacted by it. Recently we have found ourselves heavily dependent on the use technology and our needs and demands for more keep rising. The more advanced it becomes, the more it seems to have control over our lives. While it is impossible to explore how each new advanced technology has impacted our lives and how it will impact the future, it continues to affect our environment, people and society. Technology by its self is notRead MoreEssay on â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid† and â€Å"Get Smarter†1370 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, how much do we really get from the consta nt advancement of Internet use and smarter technology? Should we look at their contributions to the world as a benefactor or a curse? The common effect of â€Å"artificial intelligence† in the technology we use every day is examined by two brilliant authors, Nicholas Carr and Jamias Cascio. In Carr’s article, â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid†, he explains the effects of the Internet and technology in our society and claims that the overuse of technology is dangerousRead MoreOur Helpless Dependance on Technology1674 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology started out as a necessity, people needed it back when they werent guaranteed safety, heat, shelter etc. Technology similarly started off by accidental discoveries that slowly morphed into technology today. Technology in the past is much more different than what it is today. Take the example of fire. Fire started by accident but furthermore led to expansion into creating bigger fires. To be exact this happened because there was a need to keep warm and have a source of light. The discoveryRead MoreElectronic Devices Affect The Way We Communicate1362 Words   |  6 Pages Today, people around the world are influenced by technologies and use it on a daily basis. It seems like they can’t let go because these electronic devices are so attached to them and it’s an addiction. Electronic devices affect the way we communicate, perceive information, and solve problems. Google changes the way how people find information and solve problems and that they are not using their brain at its full potential. With all the technological advancement, they’re affecting the younger generationsRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing very rapidly, and new innovations are coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry (Oxford). There is no denying that the impact of te chnology in the world today is huge, now technology has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can’t imagine how my life would be with out it, older people may say it has ruined the lives ofRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology Has Taken Over Our Lives Our society has become dangerously dependent on technology. Easy access to technology during every minute of the day can be useful at some points, but overall is not necessary. Specific problems, and causes will give us a glimpse into our growing dependency and how it is affecting our lives in various ways, none of which are appealing. Our society has become too dependent on technology. New technology used in areas such as medicine, business, manufacturing andRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing very rapidly, and new innovations are coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. There is no denying that the impact of technology in the world today is huge, now technology has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can’t imagine how my life would be with out it, older people may say it has ruined the lives of youthRead MoreInvention Is the Mother of Necessities1649 Words   |  7 Pages† - Marshall McLuhan Questions We Ask Ourselves Marshall McLuhan s saying, Invention is the mother of necessities, is an example of wit. How is it witty? What is the original saying? You need wit to think about technology, for wit demands creative thinking. And once you start thinking creatively, you start to see the effect of technology on us all. The usual saying is, Necessity is the mother of invention. That makes sense: right now, for example, the world may be running out of oilRead MoreThe Impact of Computer Technology in our Social World939 Words   |  4 Pages Computers and technology are two of mostly discussed topics today. Technology has a huge impact in our world. There are advantages and disadvantages about computers and technology – it affects individuals and families, businesses, schools and the entire society. We discuss its usefulness, how it affects people and their health, and how it affects the environment. Computers are one of the fastest evolving technologies. There are so many reasons why computers are both beneficial and disadvantageous

Artificial Intelligence Ethical Dilemma

Question: Discuss about the Artificial Intelligencefor Ethical Dilemma. Answer: Introduction The morals of computerized reasoning and AI are the main parts of ethics in new technologies, particularly, in robotics, autonomous cars and in other artificially intelligent systems. It is normally isolated into robotics, the major concern with the ethical conduct of people is that as to how they configure, build, utilize and treat an artificially intelligent system. This study is done to understand the ethical dilemma faced by an AI consultant of the firm of electric cars. This study includes some values as well as ethical decisions and approaches to resolve the ethical dilemma. The ACS code of ethics are discussed in this study to overcome the issues in an ethical dilemma. Ethical Analysis Ethical Dilemma The electric car organization dont have the capacity to successfully protect themselves from open damages from technologies, and in addition, they are also unable to encourage the clients to buy their autos. Actually, John feels that the discourse ought to be there in a general manner required for all self-guided operators within the firm and it is fundamental to give them a chance and make them free to make choices for both clients and the organization. The organization for which John works is effectively developing each year. The moral or ethical difficulty here is that, Can electric autos effortlessly learnempathy? Could electric carseffectively practice diverse ethical judgments? Can an organization give electric autos a total comprehension of a hazard? John, an AI specialist emphatically feels that the electric auto organization's items ought not to be released until the portrayal and demonstrating of autos have been properly executed, as the lives of clients and individuals may be at high hazard. John has attempted to educate about every such hazard to the CEO of the organization. John, likewise, feels that the organization will be unable to satisfy its targets as well as be pleasant in an algorithmic profound quality of the AI. AI Consultant Consequences An ethical response to the ethical dilemma which the AI consultant of the car company John is facing is that there is a need of optimization of logistics, composing of electric cars, administering of a research which provides translations for an intelligent electric cars framework to transform the lives of the car buyers. Various efforts are required to overcome the issues of the conflict. Consequently, the AI consultant needs to prepare the systems which are more capable for the customers and also for the company. As a result, the people who have possessions in the AI, impelled company and will be able to make much money. Rather, self-ruling vehicles are settled on different choices, such as, speed, climate, conditions of road and other information assembled from an assortment of sensors, including cameras and radars. The autonomous auto will compute a game-plan as to how quickly it is going in addition with the speed of the car. The principle test is to prepare the vital informatio n which is enough to stay away from the unsafe conditions in any case. Car Customers Consequences Because of this moral situation in the electric car firm, the AI expert has built up the most productive electric autos to decrease the mischances and for sparing the lives of the people. Great irregularity of products over the misbehaviour. Problems as well as issues with the utilitarianism. AI Consultant Duties AI consultant has to organize a meeting as well as call up the CEO and some staff members, such as, project leaders, engineers, supervisors and discuss about the entire dilemma with them in order to avoid the future confusions. When every single confusion related to the modelling project is properly defined, then the AI consultant must assign different tasks to different staff members and to every employee as per their specialty and ability. The AI consultant must assign the accurate time period to complete the particular task, so that the project should be completed on time and help organization to attain the future benefits. The AI consultant, John have to encourage their employees, team leader, as well as project manager to increase their efficiency and workability. The AI consultant also have to split his work shifts so that work will surely be continued until the whole project is not completed. Response of the Caring Person Normally the core ethics attempts to maintain the connections by contextualizing and advancing the prosperity of caregivers as well as care-beneficiaries in a system of social relations (Nordenstam, 2013). Regularly characterized as a practice or ideal instead of a hypothesis, care includes the maintaining of the trust of the customers, and providing electric cars that surely mitigate the road accidents. Electric cars which firm offers to their customers must be addressing all requirements of the organization as well as their customers (Nagenborg, Capurro, Weber, Pingel, 2007). John must build a motivation program for the CEO and other staff of the firm to provide care for those individuals and customers who are vulnerable as well as dependent. ACS Code The importance of public interest: According to this ACS code, every conflict must be solved within an electric car company in the involvement of public inclination. The interest of public should be taken into consideration to incorporate all the matters related to the safety of public and car customers. The improvement of personal satisfaction: The ICT advancement had the impressive effect on society and this effect has been advantageous to the electric car company. The firm should elevate the equivalent access to the event of the ICT by all general public individuals (Lenk, 2016). Honesty: This code is a fundamental segment of trust. Without complete trust, an electric firm can't work adequately. The legitimate computing proficient should not make an intentionally false and misleading case about the electric cars or their framework configuration, however, it should rather give the full revelation of all correlated framework restrictions and issues. Competence: The electric firm should acknowledge that the modelling procedure of cars in which they trust are capable to perform as well as not hesitate to get the extra expertise suitably qualified for the people where advisable (ICT Integrity: bringing the ACS code of ethics up to date, 2016). Professional development: The electric car firm always keep themselves updated with the fresh technologies and methods which are applicable or helpful in their work, furthermore, they need to encourage their partners and staff individuals to do a similar thing (Tripathi, 2010). Professionalism: The ICT business is moderately portrayed as well as developed by the quick changes. The code of ACS can likewise help everyone to determine or recuperate the moral dilemma, and it gives the assistance to make the proper actions against the issue (Gogoll, Muller, 2016). Requirement letter: The demands of this study as per the ACS is: Public interest: The electric firm must determine the potential wedged through firms work as well as explicitly conceive their interest. Competence: Happily evaluate the responsibility of their own work. Honesty: Never wittingly mislead the customer according to the suitability of the firms services. Professionalism: Abstain from the activity into the firm's expert role that may discolor the picture of the business (Torrance, 2012). Defence for AI Consultant There are several ways to defence the John on ethical grounds, like, if he runs the artificial intelligence elements of the cars and inform the CEO of the electric car company that in the future, the models of cars will cause several consequences for the organization as well as for their customers, such as, accidents on the road are less because of the autonomous cars (Reisch, 2011). John can provide a project report to the CEO of the firm that the project is defected with lots of errors and bugs without entirely satisfying the modelling project after testing as well as it likewise can make a great image of the firm in the eyes of the customers (Chau, 2010). John must utilize the ACS rules as they dont permit the firm to deliver the defected products and services for their customers and misguide the customer as per their services so John also need to try suggestions to solve ethical dilemma. Advice for AI Consultant As indicated by the ACS morals, an organization must need to retain their genuineness, capability, professionalism as well as open enthusiasm for their work. As per the John, the time being spent on the modelling procedure for the accident premise is a good idea before the electric cars are discharged on the roads. Acquiring the beliefs of other qualified specialists can help with the arrangement of the issue. Associates can give their conclusions and refer to other comparative issues they had confronted. In the wake of counselling different designers, the following stride would allude to various codes of morals and perceive as to how they would identify with the circumstance close by (Bellekom, Benders, Pelgrm, Moll, 2012). NSPE records many codes of morals that an expert architect could fall back in a circumstance where he or she would confront out in the business. ASME, gives a rundown of implicit rules, particularly for expert mechanical architects. Conclusion This study concludes that John as an Artificial Intelligence consultant for the electric car firm needs to uphold and modernize the dignity, trust and honour of his profession. It has also been concluded that the ethics are coexisting in the electric car firm for better enterprising practices as well as for retaining the customers trust on the firm by giving them services which are profitable for them in a moral way. Ethics are used in the organizations to overcome the issues and problems related to customers beliefs and successful running of the business. References Bellekom, S., Benders, R., Pelgrm, S., Moll, H. (2012). Electric cars and wind energy: Two problems, one solution? A study to combine wind energy and electric cars in 2020 in The Netherlands.Energy,45(1), 859-866. Chau, J., Lam, L., Lui, M., Ip, W., Chien, W., Lee, I., Thompson, D. (2010). A survey of registered nurses perceptions of the code of professional conduct in Hong Kong.Journal Of Clinical Nursing,19(23-24), 3527-3534. Gogoll, J., Mller, J. (2016). Autonomous Cars: In Favor of a Mandatory Ethics Setting.Science And Engineering Ethics. ICT Integrity: bringing the ACS code of ethics up to date. (2016) (1st ed.). Lenk, H. (2016). Ethics of responsibilities distributions in a technological culture.AI SOCIETY. Nagenborg, M., Capurro, R., Weber, J., Pingel, C. (2007). Ethical regulations on robotics in Europe.AI SOCIETY,22(3), 349-366. Nordenstam, T. (2013). Practical knowledge and ethics.AI SOCIETY,28(4), 377-382. REISCH, R. (2011). International service learning programs: Ethical Issues and Recommendations.Developing World Bioethics,11(2), 93-98. Torrance, S. (2012). Artificial agents and the expanding ethical circle.AI SOCIETY,28(4), 399-414. Tripathi, A. (2010). Ethics and aesthetics of technologies.AI SOCIETY,25(1), 5-9. 5-7 von Schomberg, R. (2007). From the ethics of technology towards an ethics of knowledge policy: implications for robotics.AI SOCIETY,22(3), 331-348. Wall Street Journal: Taxpayers grossly oversubsidize Elon Musks electric cars. (2015).Physics Today.

Gender, Economy, Politics and Family

Table of Contents Introduction The Social Costs What the government does, not how many people do it Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Costs incurred in reducing or eliminating services provided by the government depend largely on the functional level of the government. In the US, there are three government levels, the federal government, state government, and local government. Costs also depend on the type of services given, these can be defensive, entitlement, and educational.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender, Economy, Politics and Family specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also depend on time; there are times that they can be reduced or totally eliminated, time here means, times of war and times of peace; cost tend to be high in times of war and lower when there is peace (Henderson 71). The Social Costs When reading about Huffington’s debate â€Å"Guns vs. Butter† 2010, one gets the impression that reducing costs on defensive services when there is a prevailing period of calmness and peace, and then this will greatly favor the interests of the country. If this happens, then there will be little social costs incurred. From this debate, it is clear that the social costs realized when trying to reduce defense services have little or no effect on the country. This is elaborated by Henderson’s data. This data proposes that if the nation actively seeks diplomacy in an effort to prevent any war, then it will have a better chance of providing butter to its people (Huffington 1). Reducing or completely doing away with entitlement programs such as social security as highlighted in the production of â€Å"butter† will see the country face immediate social costs. This is shown by Carl when he explains about the social class in the US. He indicates that a bigger proportion of the US population will at some point, need assistance from the government. This impli es that eliminating social security services will increase the country’s social costs. This means that marginalized groups, which include, the poor, the disabled, and the elderly, will be required to find alternative means of earning a living. The minorities, those in the lower social class and surviving on meager incomes will feel the greatest impact (Huffington 1). When you consider education, a socialized service in the US where it is compulsory for kids in grades K-12, its reduction or elimination will bring about significant social costs. At present, many parents rely on the socialized education system to provide their kids with the basic education.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that most of them do not depend on the private learning institutions for K-12 education. One can easily predict what would happen in case K-12 education was eliminated. Such a mo ve will force parents to look for private education for their kids. This is not an education system that they are used to; this system will produce a totally different generation of young people with no basic educational skills. Absence of basic skills will mean that this group of Americans will miss out on the opportunities for living decent lives. Such a situation will relegate America to the social class of third world countries. This also means that current students would not be in college now, neither would their professors be teaching them now if the education system is eliminated (Huffington 1). What the government does, not how many people do it People have argued that the most important issue about the big government is what it does rather than the number of people doing it. This can elicit different views and feelings from different people depending on how their respective governments serve them. However, according to me, I feel that only asking about â€Å"what the gover nment does, not how many people do it† can not tackle the many issues that people have to contend with in their respective countries. But because this question is about American, one can understand where it is coming from. Such an argument is made because the United States has a two party political system. It therefore, follows that statement also has two sides to address the political structure in this nation. The two parties in the US, the democrats and the republicans, have their respective answers to this statement. This means that they only give two answers to this statement. But as you and I know, an argument usually has more than just two sides to it. Currently, health care is the most debated issue in the United States. This is the best example of what the American government can give its citizens as a service. If a national health care system is put in place, then there will develop a vacuum in positions that have a relationship with health care. However, at this time there is no threat because this system is not yet in place. However, if by any chance this system is implemented, then a way of filling the above mentioned positions will have to be sought by any means. This move will compromise the existing health care institutions both public and private in terms of increasing their workforce. In a way, the created positions will help in reducing the unemployment rate that currently stands just above ten percent in the United States. Of course this can only happen if the government takes an initiative of filling these positions (Torrey 1). During President Bush’s reign, telephone conversations were wiretapped by NSA; this is what the government does. NSA needs employees for the government to carry out its duties. It is therefore, clear that both what the government does and the number of those doing it are important.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender, Economy, Politics and Family specifically for you f or only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, dealing with what the government does alone will be belittling the powers of the government because the government is structured into programs, tasks, order, all of which should be addressed. Such as statement will therefore, not conclusively answer all the issues that the government deals with. Conclusion Basing on the above suggestion, then one can comfortably ask what the government does, and not how many people do it? Many questions can then arise. For instance, in doing so, is the government in any way helping its people? The answer to this will address what the government does. One can also look at how health care is provided to the American people. Here, one will look at how many people are providing these services. Looking at these two positions, one can then know if the argument given by either side is good or bad. But, according to my understanding, I think that both statements are valid. One should look at what the government does and the number of people doing it. This question should also address how the people are affected at all times, be it during war or in peace. Works Cited Henderson, Anthony. Democracy and war: the end of an illusion? New York: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002. Print. Huffington, Arianna. Guns vs. Butter. HuffingtonPost, 2010. Web. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/guns-vs-butter-2010_b_548620 Torrey, Trish. Understanding Healthcare  Reform. Patients, 2010. Web. https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-healthcare-reform-2615382 This essay on Gender, Economy, Politics and Family was written and submitted by user Gibson Hood to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sixteen is too Young essays

Sixteen is too Young essays In the state of Virginia, you can start driving with your learners permit at 15. A learners permit requires that an adult 21 or older, or your immediate family 18 or older must be sitting in the passenger seat. Once you have had your learners permit for 6 months and have turned 16, you can receive your drivers license that allows you to drive without supervision (VA DMV). I know the first time I drove alone at 16 I did not feel ready. I learned all I could from the books, but there is so much more to driving that what they teach you in the classroom. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading causes of death for American teenagers. Sixty-five percent of those deaths occur when another teen is operating the vehicle (NHTSA). This is a flashing red light that the legal driving age should be raised. Some say that if the legal driving age was raised it would be an inconvenience to both the teen and the parent. The teen can not get an after school job because he/she has no transportation, and even if the parents are willing to chauffeur their teens around, they can not do it until they get home from work. I will admit that it is an inconvenience; however, an inconvenience today means that your child will be living tomorrow. Sixteen and seventeen year old drivers make up about two percent of the total driving population, but they are involved in one out of every seven crashes (Cohen). There are approximately 5,000 teen deaths per year related to unsafe driving (Wims). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that A sixteen year old driver is 42 percent more likely to be involved in a crash than a 17 year old with just one additional year of driving experience (Wims). This is alarming considering that nearly half of all 16 year olds have a drivers license. Most 16 year olds just are not experienced enough to operate a vehicle yet. ...

Policies to the Maintenance of the National Sovereignty Case Study

Policies to the Maintenance of the National Sovereignty - Case Study Example For any immigration policy to have sustainable success, the key element to be taken care is assimilation. However, no country in the world has been successful as the United States, in ensuring the acculturation of the immigrants. It has been ensured to turn the immigrants into Americans at the soonest as a result of the strategic immigration policy. This successful immigration policy has earned the United States of America the fame as the world’s first universal nation. (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b) This assimilation has had extensive acceleration in the early twentieth century due to the active involvement of public schools, churches, and other social organizations in promoting the Americanization process. Interestingly even larger corporate firms took up the onus of carrying out the deliverables of the governmental immigration policy. (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b) Â   Â   Â   Â   However, a policy change more assertive on multiculturalism than on Americanization changed the scenario to a large extent. The policies changed its concerns more towards cultural equity and respect than on Americanization. Even the education system and the governance system asserting on bilingual strategies stand as a proof for this development. Unfortunately, these policy changes led to the segregation of the immigrants from the American born citizens (Lippman, Lorna, 1983). The matter of higher concern is that this segregation never melted through generations. The newer generations of the immigrants were also encouraged to stick on to their own cultural values though to a varied extent. Resultantly The United States of America turned out to be a nation where varied cultures and people of nationalities coexisted in peace but was never united as a single community having similar values and goals (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b). To be more precise, the immi gration policies never encouraged this binding process.

Energy efficient refurbishment of industrial buildings Literature review

Energy efficient refurbishment of industrial buildings - Literature review Example This fact has important implications for energy usage as well as carbon dioxide emissions globally. An estimated 30% to 40% of all primary energy usage stems from building operation along with a large potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (Colmenar-Santos et al., 2013, p.66). In a similar manner, other research on the matter shows that buildings tend to consume 40% of the total energy being consumed globally along with 25% of the water and another 40% of other resources. Consequently, buildings are deemed responsible for about one third of all green house gas (GHG) emissions too (Katunsky et al., 2013, p.3). The rapid pace of industrialisation and the requirement for increased industrial buildings also tends to support the idea that building energy usage efficiency is a top priority issue. Projections on urbanisation depict that by 2050; around 67% of the global population will live in urban centres such that nations with the largest urban centres will display urbanisation rat es of up to 86%. It would then be reasonable to expect that industrial buildings and their demand for energy would only rise steeply with time (Adriaenssens et al., 2013, p.1945). The operation of buildings entails significant carbon dioxide emissions on account of inefficient insulation, heating and cooling mechanism as well as lighting applications and the use of appliances. It is estimated that more energy efficient buildings have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 3.7 giga tonnes every single year where the cost of one tonne of carbon dioxide emissions is an estimated 40 Euros (McKinsey, 2007, p.4). Other research also supports the idea that reduced heating demands, greater emphasis on renewable energy sources and bolstered efficiency of supply chain mechanisms allows for a reduction in the energy demands to operate buildings (Colmenar-Santos et al., 2013, p.66). Building heating requirements reappear repeatedly as a major consumer of energy and thus can be seen as impacting building energy usage significantly. In addition, building energy usage and its efficiency can be seen as dependant on other physical, climatic and human factors (Katunsky et al., 2013, p.3). While one perspective of looking at the problem tends to define energy usage efficiency as a key problem, other research suggests that the use of energy to cool and heat building interiors is unjustified. The use of mechanical heating and cooling measures for thermal comfort are being questioned as valid means to maintain human thermal comfort levels in buildings (Susanti et al., 2011, p.211). This does not imply that energy usage in buildings is unjustified outright, especially for regions with severe heat or cold climates, but rather that energy usage is unjustified for places where the climate can support a lack of heating and cooling requirements. It must also be noted that greener buildings are beginning to create greater commercial value, especially in terms of rent. Researc h indicates that commercial buildings with lower energy loads tend to command more rent than comparable commercial buildings with higher energy demands (Eicholtz et al., 2009, p.1). This literature review will look into already conducted research to find out the major uses for energy in industrial buildings, the various methods to reduce the consumption of energy in industrial buildings and to discover any research gaps in existing literature. Dissecting Energy Usage in Industrial Buildings In order to allow

Concepts of Death in Medicine

Concepts of Death in Medicine Hufsa Ali The concept of death is one that has been shrouded with mystery and wonder for as long as humans have lived and died. The understanding and implications of death have varied greatly across eras and cultures. Historically, there has been little consistency in the understanding of the concept of the event of death, the moment at which one is dead. The Oxford English Dictionary defines death as â€Å"the end of life; the permanent cessation of the vital functions of a person [] or organism[2].† This definition, while precisely written, leaves considerable ambiguity about the diction of the definition itself. It is uncertain what is meant by â€Å"life† and â€Å"vital functions† of a person or organism. Further, one may question whether the vital functions of humans as persons differ from those of humans as organisms. Is death a process rather than an event? If so, when does it begin and end, and when is it appropriate to declare death? Is it possible that a human m ay experience two deaths, death of the person and death of the organism? If so, which death is relevant to medicine? In this paper, I will review the evolution of the definition of death in the Western world in the context of advancing medicine, and explore the implications in relation to organ donation. The philosophical examination of human death has concentrated two underlying questions: what is human death, and how can we determine that death has occurred?[3] The first question addresses the concept or definition of death, while the second concerns developing the corresponding standards: criteria and clinical protocol to be used to declare death. Examples of the answer to the first question include death as the functions of an organism or human death as the irreversible loss of personhood (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011[4]). Examples of answers to the second questions include the cardiopulmonary standard, the whole-brain standard, and the cerebral standard. It was not until the last century that seeking answers to these questions became the source of a painstakingly complex on-going debate about death, personhood and medicine. Prior to the advent of the stethoscope in the 19th century, cessation of breathing marked the occurrence of death (Daroff)[5]. Then, the loss of pulse became the characterizing event (Jennett, 2001). The Fourth Edition of Black’s Law Dictionary was published in 1951, reidentifying the occurrence of death as the â€Å"cessation of life, defined by physicians as a total stoppage of heart of the circulation of the blood†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [6][7] in the United States. The definition of death (particularly the distinction between death of the body and death of the person) was not relevant because the death of the brain and the rest of the body tissues occurred concurrently. Cardiopulmonary failure inevitably led to irreversible loss of all brain functions, and the irreversible loss of all brain functions quickly led to cardiopulmonary arrest. The issue of distinguishing between cardiopulmonary failure and brain function failure was not clinically relevant until the invention and widespread use of mechanical resuscitation and ventilation devices[8]. A stopped heart could now be restarted and blood could be oxygenated without functioning intercostal and pleural muscles, after the tissues of the brain had began ischemic necrosis[1]. Although they were still occurring, the functions of circulation and respiration were being performed by mechanical respirators and defibrillators. While this did not meet the criteria for death as defined in 1951, it is important to note that such patients would have met the criteria for death as soon as the use of life-support machines was discontinued. Essentially, this meant that either death could be reversed, or that death could be delayed well beyond the failure of vital organs. This also meant that a body with irreversible loss of brain functions could be indefinitely kept â€Å"alive.â €  This highlighted the distinction between neurological failure, and circulatory and respiratory failure. During the 1950’s, several physicians around the world began to recognize the futility of continuing treatment for patients who had lost all neurological functions. In 1954, a neurologist practicing in Massachusetts, Dr. Robert Schwab, noted this while examining a comatose brain hemorrhage patient who was on a respirator. â€Å"The question was, ‘Is this patient alive or dead?’ Without reflexes, without breathing and with total absence of evidence of an electroencephalogram, we considered the patient was dead in spite of the presence of an active heart maintaining circulation. The respirator was therefore turned off and the patient pronounced dead.† In 1959, four French neurologists came to the same conclusion. However, they some of them preferred the term coma dà ©passà ©, meaning â€Å"beyond coma† (Mollaret, 1959)[9]. This was the prognosis of certain death, they argued, but not did not meet the criteria for death itself. Schwab disagreed, stati ng that death of the the death of the nervous system would be death of the patient. In 1963, he proposed criteria to consider certain patients dead in spite of continuing cardiac function: loss of reflexes, a flat EEG, and apnea[10][2]. Over the next five years, he reported having treated 90 such patients. None of them survived and autopsies showed that every one of them had pervasive tissue necrosis in their brains. His findings went on to greatly influence the legal and medical redefining of death. Meanwhile, there were developing concerns about the futility of extensive, expensive medical care for patients whose deaths were imminent and inevitable. In 1957, Pope Pius XII proclaimed that physicians were not obliged to give â€Å"extraordinary† treatment in such cases[11]. In 1962, psychiatrist Frank Ayd published a paper in which he contended that there was a moral obligation to withdraw care when death was inevitable. In 1965, THe American Medical Association held it’s First National Congress on Medical Ethics and Professionalism to detail guidelines for end-of-life-care.[12] As the initiation of the transition from heart to brain criteria for death, the field of organ transplantation was developing. The first successful kidney transplant was performed between live twins in 1954 by Dr. Joseph Murray. Eight years later, Dr. Murray performed a kidney transplant from a cadaver donor. In the years following, liver, lung and heart transplants were performed, using organs from cadavers. Most of the recipients died soon after the surgery. There was the idea that â€Å"live donors† would improve the chances of survival, but physicians were weary about using vital organs from patients that were â€Å"alive† by cardiopulmonary criteria, even if they had lost total brain function. The ethical standard regarding organ retrieval is the Dead Donor Rule (DDR), which prohibits organ vital procurement from donors that have not yet been declared death. This limits possible sources of organs to cadavers that still have salvageable tissues and organs. As medica l technology prevented more and more â€Å"deaths† through advancements in life-support technology, it also accelerated the demand for organs of dead donors, as the capacity to perform successful transplants increased. This growing concern for organ transplantation sources, coupled with the futility of having â€Å"hopeless† patients on artificial ventilation and resuscitation created a climate that facilitated the major change that occurred at the end of the 1960s. In 1968, an Ad Hoc committee was formed at Harvard University to address the â€Å"ethical problems created by the hopelessly unconscious patient[13].† The committee developed criteria similar to the concept of â€Å"coma dà ©passà ©.† Patients who met the criteria[3] would be considered essentially dead, but not actually dead. The final report was titled â€Å"A Definition of Irreversible Coma: Definition of Brain Death.† While this report didn’t explicitly realign the definition of death to brain-based criteria, it outlined appropriate standard of care for comatose patients whose deaths were inevitable and imminent. It was never said outright, but they implied that the death of the brain is the death of the patient, and hinted that the cardiopulmonary criteria for death were obsolete[14]. On the same day as the publication of the Harvard report, the 22nd World Medical Association (WMA) met and announced the Declaration of Sydney. The declaration distinguished the gradual process of the death of cells and tissues from the death of the patient. â€Å"Clinical interest lies not in the state of preservation of isolated cells but in the fate of a person [] the point of death of the different cells and organs is not so important as the certainty that the process has become irreversible.† While it has been overshadowed in the United States by the Harvard report, the WMA’s declaration was the first major committee distinguishment between the death of the body and the death of the person. Throughout the 1970’s, widespread acceptance of the implied Harvard definition grew among the medical community. State legislatures and courts began legally recognizing some form of death based on brain-criterion, although there was little consistency among the criteria across jurisdictions. In 1971, Mohandas and Chou (neurologist and psychiatrist, respectively) published their â€Å"Minnesota Criteria,† based on autopsy discoveries that identified the destruction of the brain stem as the cause of brain death. Thus, the requirement for the EEG was eliminated[4]. Because both respiratory control and consciousness originated [15]in the brain stem, the loss of brainstem function equaled death of both persons and organisms. In the UK, the criteria for brain death was tweaked to exclude the EEG requirement, which meant a patient with detectable cortical activity would be dead in the UK and alive in most of the US. The President’s Commision for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research was formulated in 1979 to clarify brain death and other biomedical ethics issues. The committee published a report in 1981 that provided a clearer and more practical definition of death than the previous, conceptually ambiguous ones that had been used before. The commission reasoned that death occurred when the â€Å"body’s physiological system ceases to constitute an integrated whole[16].† Because the brain functions as the â€Å"great integrator and regulator,† the death of the organism occurs when the total brain functions are lost, and the organism disintegrates to a collection of it’s parts. As a result, the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) gave both brain-based and circulatory-respiratory-based criteria a â€Å"separate but equal† status in the eyes of law and clinical care. In the United States, death could now be det ermined by the â€Å"irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions† or â€Å"irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain.† While the UDDA recognized the whole brain standard as a means to determine death, it did not specify the neurological test criteria to be used. It also did not specify the amount of elapsed time required before stopped circulation can be considered irreversible. Different hospitals, providers, and associations used varying sets of tests to determine death. In 1995, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) attempted to standardize the clinical protocol used to determine death using brain criteria. Tests to be performed were similar to the Harvard report criteria, without the EEG requirement and the 24-hour repeat was left unaddressed. While the UDDA and AAN’s guidelines have brought consistency to the clinical process of determining death, there has been widespread disagreement about the criteria of death itself. The traditional criteria for determining death, the cessation of heartbeat and breathing, have been updated by the UDDA. The circulatory-respiratory standard holds death as the irreversible cessation of circulatory-respiratory function. Leaving aside the implications of word â€Å"irreversible,† this definition may still not be entirely accurate nor practical. Rather than changing the reality of the nature of death, life-support devices and other technologies of modern medicine have shined a light on an aspect of the process of death that was not visible before. Before the possibility of mechanically and artificially continuing respiration and circulation, the failure of these processes were associated with the occurrence of death. However, after such â€Å"death† could be reversed and put off indefinitely, it became apparent that the onset of cardiopulmonary failure was not the moment of death, but simply indicative of death. As Bernat, Culver and Gert argue, heartbeat and regular breathing usually indicate life, but they do not constitute life (Bernat, Culver, and Gert 1981)[17]. â€Å"Life involves the integrated functioning of the whole organism.† Brain-based criteria better suited this understanding of life because the brain is responsible for much regulation of the entire organism. Thus, including brain-based criteria to declare death is seen as an â€Å"update† to the previous understanding of death, not a complete overhaul of it. The transition to brain-based criteria is nowhere near free of criticism. For some, one of the most obvious flaws in the logic behind the brain-based criteria for death was its basis on the idea that the brain is the sole organ responsible for integration of the organism as a whole. If death is defined as the irreversible loss of functioning of the organism as a whole, then only after the complete cessation of all whole-body integrating functions may a patient be considered dead. While the brain plays the biggest role in integrating interdependent functions of the body, somatic integration is a holistic phenomenon that involves organs and tissue systems throughout the body. Immune responses, regulation of blood glucose levels, and hematopoiesis are regulatory functions that can continue to occur without the entire brain (Shewomn, 2001)[18]. Therefore, if the definition of death is understood to be the end of the existence of the organism as an integrative whole, then the death of the whole brain does not necessarily mean the biological organism has died. Brain-based criteria may have been a step in the right direction, but perhaps for the wrong reasons. The significance and necessity of the brain may lie in another aspect of it’s function; one that cannot be attributed to any other part of the body: personhood. The brain is the origin of human thought, reasoning, consciousness, emotion, and self-awareness. If the entire brain is dead, than the human person is dead, even if the human organism continues to live. Another problem with the development of brain-based criteria is again unrelated to the concept itself, but how it came about as standard of care. The ethically dangerous notion that the climate of evolving medical innovation, particularly organ transplantation, had influenced and driven the acceptance of whole-brain death is a very concerning one. When the Harvard committee met to discuss brain death in 1968, they seemed to be concerned about two things: the futility of spending resources on patients with no chance of recovery, and the idea of wasting the organs of these patient’s bodies. Their main focus of concern seemed to not be the well-being of the patients at hand, but protecting the physicians who would withdraw care from patients that would previously have been considered alive. Without the redefinition of death, doctors would have been morally responsible for the death of such patients. Officially, the reason the Harvard committee cited for their efforts was to free up resources spent in vain on untreatable patients. Murray, who was on the committee specified that the primary concern was the dying patient, and that organ transplantation was â€Å"distinct and unrelated,† ()[19] However, many have been skeptical of this separation, arguing that the motive for changing the definition of death had everything to do with organ transplantation. Neurosurgeon Richard Nilges, calls attention to the fact that respiratory and other life-support technologies had been in use for nearly two decades before the hasty formulation of the Harvard committee, and no one had so loudly expressed the urge to end such care. Instead, he points out, that the Harvard committee met less than a year after the first successful heart transplant surgery.[5] Based on the heart-lung criteria of death at the time, the act of removing the heart from a â€Å"live† patient on life support w ould have been the cause of death of that patient. Nilges suggests that a second, underlying reason for changing the criterion of death was the underlying motivation behind the Harvard report: providing organs for transplantation. This situation was an ideal one for organ transplant advocates, because it was an â€Å"opportunity to tailor the definition of death to fit the moral acceptability of transplanting living hearts. Taking a beating heart from a body is not equivalent to taking innocent human life if ‘brain dead’ individuals are ‘defined’ as already dead.† Interestingly, Nilges is not against the idea of using brain-based criteria for death in organ donors. Rather, he disagrees with the way this criteria is practiced. His experience working with such patients and organ transplant teams has left him with disdain towards the practice of organ transplantation. In his paper titled â€Å"Organ Transplantation, Brain Death, and the Slipper Slope: A Neurosurgeon’s Perspective,† Nigles proposes a causal relationship between the changes in the understanding and practice of death declaration to the desires of the insatiable transplant advocates. He recalls trying protect his dying patients from transplant teams, who he compares to hungry vultures eyeing a small, dying animal. He criticizes the unofficial leeway allowed when diagnosing whole brain death, pointing out that over 20% of patients declared dead on brain-based criteria actually had brain activity detectable by an EEG. Save for the finale: [HANS JONAS: uncertainty about border b/w life, death[20]] [1] Necrosis, death of tissue, can be caused by ischemia, insufficient blood supply to those tissues. Brain tissue is among the body’s most sensitive to ischemic hypoxia, and is the earliest to die. It is possible for the rest of the body to regain function after a period of time without oxygen, but the brain to have lost it permanently. [2] Schwab’s criteria were: loss of reflexes (dilated and fixed pupils, no elicitable reflexes, and no independent movements), a flat EEG (electroencephalogram detecting no electrical activity in the brain), and apnea (inability to spontaneously breath). [3] Harvard report criteria included the following: (1) deep coma, no withdrawal from painful stimuli, (2) cranial and spinal arreflexia, (3) apnea, persistent after disconnected from ventilator for 3 minutes, (4) flat EEG, no detectable electrical brain activity, (5) exclusion of hypothermia or drugs, which may sometimes cause false-negatives in the above tests, and (6) evaluation repeated twice, 24-hours apart. [4] The brainstem is the pathway through which the brain (cerebrum and cerebellum) sends and receives signals to and from the rest of the body. If the brain stem is dead and all brainstem functions are lost, then the communication between the brain and spinal cord is severed. A body of a patient with a dead brain stem is functionally equivalent to that of a patient with whole brain death. Thus, any electrical activity in the cerebrum is not going to affect the outcome of tests of the rest of Harvard criteria. [5] The first successful heart transplantation was performed in December of 1967. The committee developed their criteria in August of 1968, a mere eight months after the heart transplant. [1]Write later [2]Cite oxford english dictionary [3]either cite Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Definition of Death [4]Written 2007, revised 2011. Review? [5]Fix citation [6]Cite this [7]Black Laws Dictionary, 1951. 4e [8]cite source: either de goergia, stanford, or daroff [9]#8, De Geogia [10]cite swchab, from de georgia, pg 674 [11]Citation needed [12]another someone talks about this conference, but says something more relevant. [13]cite: beecher. (From De Georgia, 674. bottom left. [14]cite this [15]use a different word. Plagiarism [16]cite this: de georgia, #48, 49. pg 676 [17]cite. (stanford encyclopedia, 1. mainstream view) [18]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588655 [19]Murray, letter to Beecher, calling for committee formulation/meeting. De Georgia # 26, pg 675 [20]#40 De goergia, pg 676

Writing From a Technical Standpoint :: Writing Technology Invention Essays

Writing From a Technical Standpoint At first, I didn’t really understand the concept of this assignment. I thought, this is going to be pretty easy. I’ll just get some glue, and write some words on a piece of construction paper. After all, glue is just sugar and water, and paper is just a tree—sounds natural enough! However, after I sat down and thought about it, glue and paper are far from natural. Someone mixed the glue, put it into a container, and shipped it to the store. The paper was made from a tree; but technology, machinery, and people were essential to its existence. Therefore, I needed to put my brain to work and find something untouched by man, technology, or machinery. How about grass, cement, dirt, and water? All of these elements seemed pretty natural to me, so I ventured into my front yard and started making words out of water from my hose onto the driveway. Then I realized someone mixed that cement and laid it—unnatural. The water has been channeled to my hose from some typ e of technology—unnatural. My dad planted the grass; the dirt was bought from the store, and laid in front of my house by my mother; man planted all the trees. I realized my project had to be conducted where humans had not interfered. For example, if I used water, I would have to travel to a natural source of water like a lake or ocean. If I wanted to use trees or grass, I would have to find them in a natural setting like a forest or woods. And that’s just what I did. I went to the woods not far from my house, and I searched around looking for an easy way to create something as simple as a word. I then came upon them—dandelions. Man has not planted these â€Å"weeds†; rather, they have grown out of the ground â€Å"naturally†. Not only were the dandelions quick and easy to use, they were also kind of pretty! Although the woods would be considered a natural setting, the grass I use for my project was not necessarily the most â€Å"natural† substance. It seemed to me that someone had planted that grass, and mowed it frequently, because it was very short and level. But the dandelions worked out wonderfully.

Existence of youth culture Essay

There is debate within the scientific community about whether or not youth culture exists. Some researchers argue that youth’s values and morals are not distinct from those of their parents, which means that youth culture is not a separate culture. Others note that we must be cautious about extrapolating a current effect to other periods of history. Just because we see the presence of what seems to be a youth culture today does not mean that this phenomenon extends to all generations of young people. Additionally, peer influence varies greatly between contexts and by sex, age, and social status, making a single â€Å"youth culture† difficult, if not impossible, to define. Others argue that there are definite elements of youth society that constitute culture, and that these elements differ from those of their parents’ culture. Janssen et al. have used the terror management theory (TMT) to argue for the existence of youth culture.[5] TMT is a psychological concept that hypothesizes that culture originates from an attempt to cope with the knowledge of their mortality. Society does this by adopting a worldview and developing self-esteem. Researchers test TMT by exposing people to reminders of their mortality. TMT is supported if being reminded of death causes people to cling more strongly to their worldview. Janssen et al. tested the following hypothesis: â€Å"If youth culture serves to help adolescents deal with problems of vulnerability and finiteness, then reminders of mortality should lead to increased allegiance to cultural practices and beliefs of the youth.† Their results supported their hypothesis and the results of previous studies, suggesting that youth culture is, in fact, a culture. Schwartz and Merten used the language of adolescents to argue for the presence of youth culture as distinct from the rest of society. Schwartz argued that high school students used their vocabulary to create meanings that are distinct to adolescents. Specifically, the adolescent status terminology (the words that adolescents use to describe hierarchical social statuses) contains qualities and attributes that are not present in adult  status judgments. According to Schwartz, this reflects a difference in social structures and the way that adults and teens experience social reality. This difference indicates cultural differences between adolescents and adults, which supports the presence of a separate youth culture.

The Story of the Great Depression in Photos